new Delhi. A book came out in China in 1954. The name was "A Brief History of Modern China". The book also featured a map of China, in which Ladakh was described as part of it. Then, in July 1958, in two magazines "China Pictorial" and "Soviet Weekly" originating from China, China published its map, describing the Indian territories as its own. India also raised objections both times, but China said that the maps are old and do not have time to correct the maps.
Meanwhile, in 1956–57, China built a highway from Xinjiang to Tibet. The road to this highway also passed through Aksai Chin. At that time, Aksai Chin was part of India and China did not even tell before building the road. India also came to know about this through the newspaper.
When the then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru wrote a letter to China's President Zhou En-lai on the Xinjiang-Tibet highway, Zhou raised the issue of the border dispute and claimed that his 5 thousand square miles, or about 13 thousand square km The area is in the Indian border.
This was the first time that China officially raised the issue of the border dispute. Zhou also said that his government does not even accept the McMahon line fixed in 1914. The McMahon Line was established in 1914.
India has a 15 thousand 106 km long border with 7 countries. These 7 countries are - Bangladesh, China, Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar, Bhutan, and Afghanistan. Out of these 7 countries, only China-Pakistan and Nepal are with whom we have a border dispute.
There was also a dispute with Bangladesh over the border of just 6.1 km, which was resolved in 2011 during the visit of then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to Bangladesh. After that, the issue of the maritime boundary between India and Bangladesh was also resolved in 2014.
What is the dispute regarding China-Pakistan and Nepal?
1. China. Range: 3,488 km
India has a 3 thousand 488 km long border with China, which is divided into three sectors - Eastern, Middle, and Western. Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh share the border with China in the eastern sector, which is 1 thousand 346 km in length. The middle sector in Himachal and Uttarakhand, which have a length of 545 km. And in the western sector comes Ladakh, with which China has a border of 1 thousand 597 km.
China claims 90 thousand square km of Arunachal Pradesh. Whereas, about 38 thousand square km of Ladakh is under Chinese occupation. Apart from this, on 2 March 1963, under an agreement between China and Pakistan, Pakistan gave 5 thousand 180 square km of PoK to China. Overall China has occupied 43 thousand 180 square km of India. Whereas, Switzerland's area is 41 thousand 285 square km.
What happened between the two countries to resolve the border dispute?
In 1993, an agreement was reached between the two countries, in which it was decided that the two countries would resolve the border dispute through negotiation. After this, an agreement was also reached in November 1996, in which it was decided that the two countries would not use any kind of force against each other. Then there was also an agreement in 2005, in which only the words of the 1993 and 1996 agreement were repeated.
2. Pakistan. Range: 3,323 km
Pakistan is the third neighboring country with which India has the longest border. The length of India's border with Pakistan is 3 thousand 323 km. Pakistan has occupied 78 thousand km area of Jammu and Kashmir. It is also called PoK which is PoK. Out of this 78 thousand square km, Pakistan had given 5 thousand 180 km of land to China in March 1963.
What happened between the two countries to resolve the border dispute?
Pakistan has attacked India 4 times. The first time was in 1948, just after independence. After that, there have been wars between the two countries in 1965, 1971 and 1999 as well. In the 1948 war itself, Pakistan had captured 78 thousand km of land in Jammu and Kashmir. Right now this matter is in the UN.
Terrorism is being spread in Kashmir on behalf of Pakistan. India says that unless Pakistan talks on terrorism, there will be no talk. However, Pakistan has refused to talk on terrorism.
3. Nepal. Range: 1,751 km
In December 1815, there was a treaty between British India and Nepal, known as the Sugauli Treaty. The treaty was signed in December 1815, but the treaty came into force from 4 March 1816. At that time, India was under British occupation. And the treaty was signed by Lieutenant Colonel Paris Brasch on behalf of the East India Company and Rajguru Gajraj Mishra on behalf of Nepal.
In the Sugauli Treaty, it was decided that Nepal's border would be Mahakali in the west and the Maichi River in the east. However, Nepal's border was not fixed in it. The result of this is that even today there are 54 such places, about which there is a dispute between the two countries.
What happened between the two countries to resolve the border dispute?
In the Sugauli Treaty, Nepal's borders were fixed, not borders. Therefore, in 1981, a joint team was formed to fix the boundaries of the two countries, which had also fixed the 98% limit. However, the map with the new border strip was signed in 2007. Apart from this, the areas about which the border dispute is going on between the two countries are being resolved through negotiations.
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