New Delhi, March 20 (IANS) India's well-timed decision post independence to control and diversify its army helped preserve its democracy, or it could have ended up like Pakistan which has seen three army coups post independence.
Yale university professor Steven I. Wilkinson, in his book "Army and Nation: How India's Founders Made its Army Safe for Democracy" - writes that while the Indian Army at the time of independence was dominated by few martial groups, diversification and modifications in its structure helped the country.
"If you inherit an imbalanced army, chances of a coup are high," Wilkinson said speaking about his book at the India International Center Thursday evening.
The author said in 1929, the army had overwhelmingly warriors from Sikh and Gorkha communities, both martial groups.
"In 1947, the army was still dominated by certain martial groups who made 95 percent of the troops. It was still an imbalanced army, as the British recruited troops from martial roots. These officers were also a closely knit community creating more trouble for politicians," he said.
He however added that India was still in a better position in what it inherited, compared to Pakistan, which had 72 percent of its army from Punjab alone, while thereere only 155 officers from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).
"The most represented and the least represented (in army) - Punjab and Bengal - were together in Pakistan," he said.
India on the contrary had 32 percent Sikh soldiers, 18 percent from Uttar Pradesh, and 10 percent from erstwhile Bombay province, which he said was more diversified comparatively, while still imbalanced.
The author said, however, India dealt with the issue better than Pakistan.
"India dealt with it better. Pakistan either did not try or did it too late. They could have done a lot in the 1950s," he said.
"India's political leadership felt the army needed immediate attention. (Jawaharlal) Nehru and (Vallabhbhai) Patel were thinking about it as an issue. In Pakistan there was very little thinking about it," he said.
He highlighted that at the time of independence, both Indian and Pakistani armies had a similar background, adding that the Indian Army could have reacted in a similar way as happened in Pakistan had there been political instability here.
"They were trained in the same way, and they kept ties even after partition. Had India slipped into political chaos, they (Indian Army) could have acted similar," he said.
The author also pointed out that despite of the fact that army was dominated by people from Punjab, it was not untill 1961 that the army got its first chief from the Punjab regiment - General Pran Nath Thapar.
Pakistan, since partition, has seen three military coups and several unsuccessful attempts.
It began in 1958, when the first Pakistani president, Iskander Mirza, who had retired as a major general, dismissed parliament and prime minister Feroz Khan Noon, appointing the army chief, General Ayub Khan, as the chief martial law administrator. Thirteen days later, Mirza himself was deposed by Ayub Khan, who appointed himself the president and raised himself to field marshal.
In 1977, Pakistani Army chief General Zia-ul-Haq overthrew prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who was later hanged.
In 1999, General Pervez Musharraf overthrew prime minister Nawaz Sharif and and evnetually became the president.
IPL 2024: 'He has proved' Bhajji praised Hardik Pandya, told what are his qualities
Former Mumbai Indians spinner Harbhajan Singh has praised the leadership abilities of all-rounder
The weather is changing rapidly across the country. Monsoon has arrived in many states, while flo
The 17th match of IPL 2023 will be played between Chennai Super Kings and Rajasthan Royals. In th
Corona cases are decreasing continuously in the country, but the increasing death toll remains a
During the winter session, the government withdrew all three agriculture laws. The Agricultural L
After defeat in Delhi, Kejriwal in action regarding Punjab, asked MLAs to reach Delhi urgently.
After the Delhi election results, Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) supremo Arvind Kejriwal has focused on Pu
The last week of August has been memorable in sports for India. The country got three different m
Tricolour flown at half-mast as tribute to Lee
New Delhi, March 29 (IANS) As a tribute to Singapore's founding father Lee Kuan Yew, the govern
A Home Guard jawan was killed and several policemen and around 24 people were injured in stone pe
India-US relationship remade and reinvigorated: Ambassador
New Delhi, March 14 (IANS) India and the US are witnessing a relationship that is being "remade
